OPINION AND ORDER

BROWN, District Judge.

This matter comes before the Court on Plaintiffs' Motion (# 13) for Remand to State Court; the Motion (# 9) for Summary Judgment of Defendants Dennis Healy, Holly Healy, Sky Corporation, Ltd., and RKD Premium Products, Inc.; and Plaintiffs' Motion (# 24) for Leave to File [Second] Amended Complaint.

For the reasons that follow, the Court DENIES Plaintiffs' Motion for Remand, GRANTS Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment, and DENIES Plaintiffs' Motion for Leave to File [Second] Amended Complaint.

BACKGROUND

On January 30, 2008, Plaintiffs filed an application with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) for a patent on a door-lock light. On July 21, 2008, Plaintiffs filed an application for a trademark with the PTO for the mark LOCK LIGHT KEY LIGHT for their door-lock light with a first claimed use on April 3, 2008. The PTO has not issued either a patent or a trademark to Plaintiffs for their product.

In March 2008 Defendant Dennis Healy met Plaintiff Carson Smith, and Smith showed Dennis Healy the door-lock light. At some point in 2008, Plaintiffs and Defendants Dennis Healy, Holly Healy, and Sky Corporation agreed that Sky Corporation would assist Plaintiffs in the design, development, manufacture, and sale of the door-lock light.

In October 2008 Plaintiffs displayed the door-lock light and distributed a flyer that described the product at the "Hong Kong Mega Show" trade show. Plaintiffs also displayed the door-lock light on their website beginning in October 2008.

In March 2009 Plaintiffs terminated their agreement with Sky Corporation and their relationship with Defendants.

Plaintiffs allege on May 1, 2009, and later Defendants continued to market and to sell the door-lock light.

On October 20, 2009, Plaintiffs filed a Complaint in Multnomah County Circuit Court against Defendants alleging claims for breach of an implied-in-fact contract; violation of Oregon's Uniform Trade Secrets Act (UTSA), Oregon Revised Statute § 646.461, et seq.; and breach of fiduciary duty for which Plaintiffs sought a preliminary injunction.

On December 18, 2009, Plaintiffs filed an Amended Complaint in Multnomah County Circuit Court against Defendants alleging claims for breach of an implied contract, violation of Oregon's UTSA, and breach of fiduciary duty. In their Amended Complaint, Plaintiffs sought a permanent injunction.

On January 22, 2010, Defendants Dennis Healy, Holly Healy, Sky Corporation, and RKD Premium Products1 removed the matter to this Court on the ground that Plaintiffs' claims are preempted by patent law because states "may not offer patent-like protection to intellectual creations which would otherwise remain unprotected as a matter of federal law."

On January 29, 2010, Defendants filed an Answer in which they asserted five Affirmative Defenses as well as a Counterclaim seeking a declaration that Dennis Healy, Holly Healy, and Sky Corporation are co-inventors of the door-lock light and door-lock light design.

On April 13, 2010, Plaintiffs filed a Motion to Remand. On April 14, 2010, the Court struck Plaintiffs' Motion because Plaintiffs' failed to comply with Local Rule 7-1.

On April 16, 2010, Defendants filed a Motion for Summary Judgment. On April 19, 2010, Plaintiffs filed a renewed Motion to Remand.

On June 30, 2010, Plaintiffs filed a Motion for Leave to File a [Second] Amended Complaint.

On August 9, 2010, the Court entered an Order in which it (1) struck Plaintiffs' Reply to their Motion for Leave to Amend; (2) denied as moot Defendants' objections to Plaintiffs' Reply; (3) noted the Court first would address Plaintiffs' Motion to Remand, then Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment, and, finally, Plaintiffs' Motion for Leave to File a [Second] Amended Complaint; and (4) prohibited the parties from filing any further motions without leave of the Court.

PLAINTIFFS' MOTION TO REMAND

Standards

28 U.S.C. § 1446(a) provides in pertinent part: "A defendant or defendants desiring to remove any civil action or criminal prosecution from a State court shall file in the district court of the United States for the district and division within which such action is pending a notice of removal." 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b) provides in pertinent part: "The notice of removal of a civil action . . . shall be filed within thirty days after the receipt by the defendant, through service or otherwise, of a copy of the initial pleading setting forth the claim for relief upon which such action or proceeding is based."

A motion to remand is the proper procedure for challenging removal. Babasa v. LensCrafters, Inc., 498 F.3d 972, 974 (9th Cir.2007). The removal statute is strictly construed, and any doubt about the right of removal is resolved in favor of remand. Durham v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 445 F.3d 1247, 1252 (9th Cir.2006). See also Prize Frize, Inc. v. Matrix, Inc., 167 F.3d 1261, 1265 (9th Cir.1999), overruled on other grounds by Abrego Abrego v. The Dow Chem. Co., 443 F.3d 676 (9th Cir.2006). The party seeking removal bears the burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that all removal requirements are met. Serrano v. 180 Connect, Inc., 478 F.3d 1018, 1021 (9th Cir.2007). See also Valdez v. Allstate Ins. Co., 372 F.3d 1115, 1117 (9th Cir.2004).

Discussion

Defendants removed this action to this Court on the ground that Plaintiffs' claims are preempted by federal patent law because Plaintiffs seek patent-like remedies in their state-law claims, and, therefore, this Court has jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b). Plaintiffs move to remand this matter on the ground that they do not seek patent-like remedies in their state-law claims, and, therefore, Plaintiffs' claims are not preempted by patent law. Thus, Plaintiffs argue this Court does not have subject-matter jurisdiction.

I. Patent-law preemption

"Federal Circuit law governs whether federal patent law preempts a state law claim." Ultra-Precision Mfg., Ltd. v. Ford Motor Co., 411 F.3d 1369, 1376 (Fed.Cir.2005).

Defendants removed this matter on the ground that Plaintiffs' claims are preempted by patent law because Plaintiffs seek "patent-like" protection through state-law claims. As the Federal Circuit explained in Ultra-Precision,

Id. at 1377. In addition,

Id. at 1377-78.

In Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc., the Supreme Court addressed the issue of preemption of a state law by patent law. 489 U.S. 141, 109 S.Ct. 971, 103 L.Ed.2d 118 (1989). In that case, the plaintiff developed a hull design for a fiberglass recreational boat, but the plaintiff did not apply for patent protection for either its design or the process by which the hull was manufactured. Id. at 144, 109 S.Ct. 971. Six years after the plaintiff developed its hull design, the Florida Legislature enacted a statute that made it "unlawful for any person to use [the plaintiff's manufacturing process] to duplicate for the purpose of sale any manufactured vessel hull . . . made by another without the written permission of that other person." Id. at 144-45, 109 S.Ct. 971 (citation omitted). The statute also made it unlawful for a person to "knowingly sell a vessel hull . . . duplicated in violation of" the statute. Id. at 145, 109 S.Ct. 971. Subsequently, the plaintiff filed an action in state court alleging the defendant violated the Florida statute by using the plaintiff's process for hull design and by selling boats with the plaintiff's design. The plaintiff sought an injunction prohibiting the defendant from "continuing to unlawfully duplicate and sell [the plaintiff's] hulls or components." Id. The defendant moved to dismiss on the ground that the Florida statute conflicted with patent law and, therefore, was invalid under the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution. The Florida Supreme Court concluded the Florida law impermissibly interfered with patent law. The United States Supreme Court affirmed the decision of the Florida Supreme Court and noted

Id. at 155-56, 109 S.Ct. 971. In contrast to the trade secrets law discussed in Kewanee, the Court in Bonito noted the Florida statute at issue

Id. at 158-59, 109 S.Ct. 971. Accordingly, the Court concluded the Florida statute impermissibly interfered with patent law.

On the other hand, the Supreme Court concluded in Aronson v. Quick Point Pencil Co. that patent law did not preempt a state-law claim for breach of the parties' royalties contract. 440 U.S. 257, 99 S.Ct. 1096, 59 L.Ed.2d 296 (1979). The plaintiff in Aronson filed a patent application in 1955 for a keyholder. In 1956 while the application was pending, the plaintiff entered into a contract with the defendant for the manufacture and sale of the keyholder. In the contract the defendant agreed to pay the plaintiff a royalty of 5% of the sales price in return for the exclusive right to make and to sell the keyholder. If the plaintiff's patent was not granted within five years, the defendant would pay only 2.5% royalties as long as the defendant continued to sell the product. The defendant paid the plaintiff 5% royalties for five years. When the plaintiff did not receive a patent, the defendant continued to pay the plaintiff 2.5% royalties for 14 more years. Id. at 259-60, 99 S.Ct. 1096. In 1975 the defendant brought an action against the plaintiff seeking a declaration that the royalty agreement was unenforceable because "state law which might otherwise make the contract enforceable was preempted by federal patent law." Id. at 260, 99 S.Ct. 1096. The Supreme Court held the contract was not preempted by patent law:

Id. at 262, 99 S.Ct. 1096 (citations and quotations omitted). The Court concluded the parties' royalty agreement was not inconsistent with the Congressional objectives of the patent system because "[p]ermitting inventors to make enforceable agreements licensing the use of their inventions in return for royalties provides an additional incentive to invention." Id. In addition, "encouraging [the plaintiff] to make arrangements for the manufacture of her keyholder furthers the federal policy of disclosure of inventions." Id. Finally, the Court found

Id. at 262-63, 99 S.Ct. 1096. In summary, "[e]nforcement of [the] agreement . . . does not prevent anyone from copying the keyholder. It merely requires [the defendant] to pay the consideration which it promised in return for the use of a novel device which enabled it to pre-empt the market." Id. at 264, 99 S.Ct. 1096.

In Ultra-Precision the Federal Circuit addressed the issue of patent-law preemption of a state-law claim for unjust enrichment. In that case the defendant was having trouble solving a noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) problem in its air-conditioner compressor. One of the defendant's employees asked the plaintiff for help in resolving the problem. Although the parties did not sign a contract, the plaintiff worked on the problem and presented to the defendant a device that addressed the problem in May 1989. Later the plaintiff received a patent on the device. Subsequently, the defendant informed the plaintiff that the plaintiff's device did not "work alone" in the defendant's system, and, therefore, the defendant was "continuing to investigate the issue." In 2000 the plaintiff discovered what it believed to be its "solution or device" in one of the defendant's vehicles. In 2001 the plaintiff filed an action alleging, among other things, a claim for unjust enrichment. 411 F.3d at 1374. The plaintiff did not allege its device was disclosed to the defendant in confidence or that its device was protected as a trade secret. Instead the plaintiff alleged it was entitled to benefit from "the defendant's incentive to suppliers to share half of any cost savings of the defendant achieved by a supplier's innovation" because

Id. In its motions in limine, the defendant contended the plaintiff's unjust-enrichment claim was preempted by patent law. The district court granted the defendant's motion in limine and invited the plaintiff to amend its complaint to allege an unjust benefit other than the defendant's alleged cost savings from using the plaintiff's idea after the plaintiff was issued a patent on its device. The plaintiff, however, declined to amend its complaint. On review of the district court's ruling on the defendant's motion in limine, the Federal Circuit noted the plaintiff did not claim any incremental benefit "over and above the benefit the public received when [the plaintiff] published the technical information it gave to [the defendant] when [the plaintiff's] patents issued." Id. In Ultra-Precision the Federal Circuit distinguished Aronson by noting

Id. at 1380. The court also distinguished University of Colorado Foundation v. American Cyanamid. In that case the court concluded an inventor's unjust-enrichment claim was not preempted by patent law because

Id. at 1379 (quoting University of Colorado Foundation, Inc. v. Am. Cyanamid, 342 F.3d 1298, 1307 (Fed.Cir.2003)(emphasis in Ultra-Precision).) Ultimately, the Federal Circuit concluded in Ultra-Precision that the plaintiff had not alleged any incremental benefit of the kind noted in American Cyanamid or Aronson, and, therefore, the Court affirmed the district court's decision.

II. Preemption of Plaintiffs' claims under patent law

In their Amended Complaint, Plaintiffs generally allege in pertinent part:

As noted, Defendants assert Plaintiffs' claims are preempted because Plaintiffs seek patent-like remedies in their state-law claims. Defendants contend Plaintiffs do not identify any incremental benefit they are owed by Defendant beyond that potentially encompassed by patent law (i.e., damages for making, using, offering to sell, or selling Plaintiffs' invention without permission).

A. Plaintiffs' claims may be preempted even though Plaintiffs do not yet have a patent.

Plaintiffs contend their state-law claims cannot be preempted by patent law because the PTO has not issued a patent to Plaintiffs.

Plaintiffs' contention is without merit. In Bonito Boats "[t]here [was] no indication in the record that a patent application was ever filed for protection of the utilitarian or design aspects of the hull, or for the process by which the hull was manufactured." 489 U.S. at 144, 109 S.Ct. 971. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court concluded the Florida statute that made it "unlawful for any person to use the direct molding process to duplicate for the purpose of sale any manufactured vessel hull or component part of a vessel made by another without the written permission of that other person" was preempted by patent law. Id. at 168, 109 S.Ct. 971.

Similarly, the Ninth Circuit reasoned in G.S. Rasmussen & Associates, Inc. v. Kalitta Flying Service, Inc., that

958 F.2d 896, 904 (9th Cir.1992) (emphasis added).

Accordingly, even though Plaintiffs have not obtained a patent, Plaintiffs' claims may still be preempted by patent law.

B. Plaintiffs' claim for breach of an implied-in-fact contract is preempted by patent law.

In Plaintiffs' claim against Defendants for breach of an implied-in-fact contract, they allege Plaintiffs and Defendants Dennis M. Healy, Holly Healy, and Sky Corporation entered into an implied-in-fact contract "based on the parties' actions." Specifically, Plaintiffs allege the parties entered into an agreement in which Defendants "would assist Plaintiffs in the research, development, and marketing of Plaintiffs' inventions and would act as Plaintiffs' fiduciary agent[s] in return for monetary compensation." Am. Compl. ¶ 8. In addition, Plaintiffs allege

Plaintiffs contend their claim for breach of an implied-in-fact contract is like that in Aronson, and, therefore, it is not preempted.

As noted, the Supreme Court in Aronson concluded the parties' royalties contract was not preempted because it was not inconsistent with any of the aims of Congress in passing the Patent Act in light of the fact that "[e]nforcement of [the] agreement ... does not prevent anyone from copying the keyholder. It merely requires [the defendant] to pay the consideration which it promised in return for the use of a novel device which enabled it to pre-empt the market." Id. at 264, 99 S.Ct. 1096. Thus, Aronson is distinguishable from this case because here Plaintiffs seek the kind of relief the Court suggested in Aronson would be preempted by patent law; i.e., Plaintiffs seek general damages for Defendants' production of Plaintiffs' product without Plaintiffs' permission rather than seeking enforcement of a royalty agreement that would require Defendants to pay Plaintiffs in return for selling Plaintiffs' product. Moreover, Plaintiffs put their product in the public domain in October 2008 by displaying it at the Hong Kong Mega Show and on their website. Thus, unlike in Aronson where the design for the plaintiff's product was not in the public domain before the defendant obtained a license to manufacture it, in this case Plaintiffs' product was in the public domain before the parties entered into the alleged implied-in-fact contract.

The Court finds the facts in this case more closely resemble those in Ultra-Precision. As in Ultra-Precision, Plaintiffs do not seek any incremental benefit over and above the benefit the public received when Plaintiffs placed their door-lock light design into the public domain at the October 2008 trade show. In addition, Plaintiffs have not alleged the information they provided to Defendants conferred a benefit for services rendered or gave Defendants a head-start over competitors. Instead, as noted, Plaintiffs seek general damages for Defendants' alleged production and sale of Plaintiffs' device despite the fact that Plaintiffs' device was not patented and was publicly disclosed by Plaintiffs at the trade show and on their website. Ultimately enforcement of the alleged agreement would prevent others from using or copying Plaintiffs' product in contravention of the patent-law policy against withdrawing ideas from the public domain. See Aronson, 440 U.S. at 261, 99 S.Ct. 1096.

Accordingly, the Court concludes on this record that Plaintiffs' claim against Defendants for breach of an implied-in-fact contract is preempted by patent law.

In addition, Plaintiffs concede their remaining claims arise out of the same set of facts as their claim for breach of an implied-in-fact contract, and, therefore, to the extent those claims are not preempted by patent law, this Court has supplemental jurisdiction over them pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a). Accordingly, Defendants' removal of this action was proper, and, Plaintiffs' Motion to Remand is denied.

DEFENDANTS' MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

Defendants move for summary judgment as to all of Plaintiffs' claims.

Standards

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(c) authorizes summary judgment if no genuine issue exists regarding any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. The moving party must show the absence of an issue of material fact. Rivera v. Philip Morris, Inc., 395 F.3d 1142, 1146 (9th Cir.2005). In response to a properly supported motion for summary judgment, the nonmoving party must go beyond the pleadings and show there is a genuine issue of material fact for trial. Id.

An issue of fact is genuine "`if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.'" Villiarimo v. Aloha Island Air, Inc., 281 F.3d 1054, 1061 (9th Cir.2002)(quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986)). The court must draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party. Id. "Summary judgment cannot be granted where contrary inferences may be drawn from the evidence as to material issues." Easter v. Am. W. Fin., 381 F.3d 948, 957 (9th Cir.2004)(citing Sherman Oaks Med. Arts Ctr., Ltd. v. Carpenters Local Union No. 1936, 680 F.2d 594, 598 (9th Cir.1982)).

A mere disagreement about a material issue of fact, however, does not preclude summary judgment. Jackson v. Bank of Haw., 902 F.2d 1385, 1389 (9th Cir.1990). When the nonmoving party's claims are factually implausible, that party must "come forward with more persuasive evidence than otherwise would be necessary." Wong v. Regents of Univ. of Cal., 379 F.3d 1097 (9th Cir.2004), as amended by 410 F.3d 1052, 1055 (9th Cir.2005) (citing Blue Ridge Ins. Co. v. Stanewich, 142 F.3d 1145, 1149 (9th Cir.1998)).

The substantive law governing a claim or a defense determines whether a fact is material. Miller v. Glenn Miller Prod., Inc., 454 F.3d 975, 987 (9th Cir.2006). If the resolution of a factual dispute would not affect the outcome of the claim, the court may grant summary judgment. Id.

Discussion

I. Defendants are entitled to summary judgment as to Plaintiffs' breach of an implied-in-fact contract claim brought under state law.

Because the Court has concluded Plaintiffs' breach of an implied-in-fact contract claim brought under state law is preempted by patent law, the Court grants Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment as to that claim. See Ultra-Precision, 411 F.3d at 1383 (affirming district court's grant of summary judgment as to the plaintiff's state-law claim for unjust enrichment because the court concluded it was preempted by patent law).

II. Defendants are entitled to summary judgment as to Plaintiffs' claim for violation of Oregon's UTSA.

Oregon Revised Statute § 646.461(2)(d) defines misappropriation of a trade secret as:

Oregon Revised Statute § 646.461(4) defines a trade secret as:

In their Amended Complaint, Plaintiffs allege the following with respect to their claim that Defendants violated Oregon's UTSA:

Defendants seek summary judgment as to Plaintiffs' claim for violation of Oregon's UTSA, Or.Rev.Stat. § 646.461(2)(d), on the ground that Plaintiffs' invention is not a trade secret. Specifically, Defendants contend Plaintiffs publicly disclosed their invention (1) in their July 2008 trademark filing, (2) on their website as early as October 2008, and (3) at the Hong Kong Mega Show in October 2008, and these displays "destroyed [the invention's] secrecy."

Plaintiffs concede they displayed their invention on their website and at the Hong Kong Mega Show in October 2008. Accordingly, Plaintiffs "agreed to drop this cause of action from the lawsuit" in their Response to Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment.

On this record, the Court concludes Plaintiffs' invention is generally known to the public and Plaintiffs did not make "efforts that are reasonable under the circumstances to maintain its secrecy." The Court, therefore, concludes Plaintiffs' invention is not a trade secret within the meaning of the Oregon UTSA. Accordingly, the Court grants Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment as to Plaintiffs' claim for violation of the Oregon UTSA.

III. Defendants are entitled to summary judgment as to Plaintiffs' claim for injunctive relief.

In their claim against Defendants for injunctive relief, Plaintiffs seek a permanent injunction "prohibiting Defendants from further dissemination of Plaintiffs' trade secrets." Because the Court has concluded Plaintiffs' invention is not a trade secret, the Court also grants Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment as to Plaintiffs' claim for injunctive relief.

IV. Defendants are entitled to summary judgment as to Plaintiffs' claim for breach of fiduciary duty.

In their claim against Defendants for breach of fiduciary duty, Plaintiffs allege in pertinent part:

Plaintiffs allege they "mailed a letter to Defendants Dennis M. Healy, Holly Healy, Sky Corporation Inc., and RKD Premium Products Inc. terminating Plaintiffs' business relationship with all of these Defendants and thus withdrawing permission from these Defendants to use or disclose Plaintiffs' trade secrets regarding the inventions" in March 2009. First Am. Compl. ¶ 6. Plaintiffs further allege Defendants "misappropriated Plaintiffs' inventions and used them for their own benefit" on May 1, 2009. First Am. Compl. ¶ 9.

To avoid summary judgment on a claim for breach of fiduciary duty under Oregon law, a plaintiff must plead and prove (1) the existence of a fiduciary relationship, (2) breach of a fiduciary duty, and (3) the "breach caused an identifiable loss or resulted in injury." Pereira v. Thompson, 230 Or.App. 640, 654, 217 P.3d 236 (2009).

Defendants contend they are entitled to summary judgment as to Plaintiffs' claim for breach of fiduciary duty because a fiduciary's duties continue only as long as the parties remain in a special relationship, and the parties here were not in a special relationship at the time of the alleged breach.2 Defendants rely on Gangnes v. Lang, 104 Or.App. 135, 799 P.2d 670 (1990); Commerce Mortgage Co. v. Indus. Park Co., 101 Or.App. 345, 791 P.2d 132 (1990); and Dunkin v. Dunkin, 162 Or.App. 500, 986 P.2d 706 (1999), to support their contention.

In Gangnes the court concluded the trial court did not err when it "rejected" the plaintiffs' claim for breach of fiduciary duty:

104 Or.App. at 140, 799 P.2d 670.

Similarly, the court noted in Commerce Mortgage that "[p]artners in a joint venture owe a fiduciary duty to one another... of loyalty, fair dealing and full disclosure in all matters effecting [sic] the conduct of the venture's business. The duty of one partner to another continues until the relationship is terminated." 101 Or. App. at 352-53, 791 P.2d 132 (quotation omitted).

162 Or.App. at 507-08, 986 P.2d 706.

Plaintiffs contend their "claim for Breach of Fiduciary Duty continued past the contractual relationship between the parties and should not fail due to opposing counsel's unsupported allegations that such relationship had failed at the time of the events which form the basis of Plaintiffs' claim." Plaintiffs, however, do not point to any evidence in the record that establishes their relationship with Defendants continued past March 2009 or that Defendants owed Plaintiffs any fiduciary duty at the time of the alleged breach in May 2009.

On this record, the Court concludes Plaintiffs have not established the parties' relationship, fiduciary or otherwise, continued past March 2009. The allegations forming the basis of Plaintiffs' claim for breach of fiduciary duty involve actions by Defendants taken after March 2009. The Court, therefore, concludes, pursuant to Gangnes, Commerce Mortgage, and Dunkin, that Plaintiffs have not established a claim for breach of fiduciary duty because the parties were no longer in a fiduciary relationship at the time of the alleged actions by Defendants.

Accordingly, the Court grants Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment as to Plaintiffs' claim for breach of fiduciary duty.

PLAINTIFFS' MOTION FOR LEAVE TO FILE [SECOND] AMENDED COMPLAINT

Plaintiffs move for leave to file a second amended complaint to add additional factual allegations to support their claims, to delete their claims for violation of Oregon's UTSA and for injunctive relief, and also to add a claim for conversion. Defendants object to Plaintiffs' request on the ground that Plaintiffs' proposed amendments would be futile.

Standards

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a)(2) provides leave to amend "shall be freely given when justice so requires."

Leadsinger, Inc. v. BMG Music Pub., 512 F.3d 522, 532 (9th Cir.2008)(quoting Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182, 83 S.Ct. 227, 9 L.Ed.2d 222 (1962)).

Discussion

I. Plaintiffs' proposed amendments to their claim for breach of an implied-in-fact contract would be futile.

Plaintiffs seek to amend the allegations in their claim against Defendants for breach of an implied-in-fact contract as follows:

Defendants assert Plaintiffs' proposed amendments are futile because Plaintiffs' claim for breach of an implied-in-fact contract is preempted by patent law. Defendants contend Plaintiffs still seek patent-like protection and do not allege any incremental rights over that provided under patent law. Plaintiffs, in turn, contend their claim for breach of an implied-in-fact contract as amended is similar to the kind of claim in Aronson, and, therefore, it is not preempted.

The Court concludes Plaintiffs continue to seek in their proposed amendments the kind of relief that the Court in Aronson indicated would be preempted by patent law. Rather than seeking to enforce a royalty agreement that would continue to allow Defendants to sell Plaintiff's product, Plaintiffs seek general damages for Defendants' sales of either Plaintiffs' product or copies of the product without a license from Plaintiffs and without paying royalties to Plaintiffs. In addition, Plaintiffs placed the product in the public domain at the October 2008 trade show and on their website before they allegedly entered into a contract with Defendants to produce and to sell the product. Thus, unlike in Aronson, Plaintiffs' product has been in the public domain and Plaintiffs now appear to seek to withdraw it from that domain.

In addition, as in Ultra-Precision, Plaintiffs here have withdrawn their claim that their invention enjoyed trade-secret protection and have not alleged the information they provided to Defendants conferred a benefit for services rendered or provided a head-start over competitors. Moreover, Plaintiffs continue to seek general damages for Defendants' alleged use and sale of Plaintiffs' device or copies of Plaintiffs' device despite the fact that Plaintiffs' device was not patented and was publicly disclosed by Plaintiffs at least as early as October 2008.

On this record, the Court concludes enforcement of the alleged agreement between Plaintiffs and Defendants would prevent others from using or copying Plaintiffs' product in contravention of the patent-law policy against withdrawing ideas from the public domain. See Aronson, 440 U.S. at 261, 99 S.Ct. 1096.

Accordingly, the Court concludes amendment of Plaintiffs' claim as to Defendants' breach of an implied-in-fact contract would be futile.

II. Plaintiffs' proposed amendments to their claim for breach of fiduciary duty would be futile.

Plaintiffs seek to amend their claim for breach of fiduciary duty as follows:

As the Court noted, Plaintiffs have not established Defendants' alleged fiduciary duties continued after Plaintiffs terminated their relationship with Defendants, and, therefore, pursuant to Gangnes, Commerce Mortgage, and Dunkin, Plaintiffs have not established a claim for breach of fiduciary duty because Defendants were no longer in a fiduciary relationship with Plaintiffs at the time of Defendants' alleged actions.

The Court finds on this record that Plaintiffs' proposed amendments do not remedy the deficiencies of Plaintiffs' claim against Defendants for breach of fiduciary duty. Accordingly, the Court concludes Plaintiffs' proposed amendments to its claim for breach of fiduciary duty would be futile.

III. Plaintiffs' proposed amendment to add a claim for conversion would be futile.

In their Proposed [Second] Amended Complaint, Plaintiffs seek to add a claim against Defendants for conversion in which Plaintiffs allege they are the "owners of the inventions and any prototypes or copies made of those inventions." Proposed [Second] Am. Compl. ¶ 20 (emphasis added). Plaintiffs allege "[b]y selling prototypes or copies of Plaintiffs' inventions after Plaintiffs terminated their contract with Defendant, which had given Defendants permission to sell Plaintiffs' inventions during the term of the contractual relationship, Defendants have converted Plaintiffs' property." Proposed [Second] Am. Compl. ¶ 21 (emphasis added). Plaintiffs also seek general damages for the alleged conversion.

In Ledesma v. D.R. Horton, Inc., the court addressed the issue of preemption of a conversion claim by the Copyright Act as follows:

No. SA-08-CA-128-OG, 2008 WL 1912531, at *2 (W.D.Tex. April 29, 2008). See also Pritikin v. Liberation Publs., Inc., 83 F.Supp.2d 920, 923 n. 1 (N.D.Ill. 1999)(a conversion claim will be preempted when "`the plaintiff alleges only the unlawful retention of its intellectual property rights and not the unlawful retention of the tangible object embodying its work.'")(quoting Paul Goldstein, Copyright, Patent, Trademark And Related States Doctrines 777 (3d ed. 1993)).

The United States District Court for the District of Kansas reached a similar conclusion in Malik v. Lynk, Inc.:

No. CIV. A. 99-2015-KHV, 1999 WL 760217, at *3-4 (D.Kan. Aug. 18, 1999).

Even though the courts in Ledesma and Malik address state law claims preempted by copyright law rather than patent law, the principles governing preemption of state-law claims by copyright law are similar to the principles that govern preemption of state-law claims by patent law.

In their proposed claim for conversion, it is clear that Plaintiffs seek damages for the copying and sale of their idea rather than for the sale of the physical device itself. In fact, in their Response to Defendants' Concise Statement of Facts, Plaintiffs admit "this case has nothing to do with real property." In addition, in their Response to Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment, Plaintiffs did not point to any evidence in the record that their physical prototypes were worth the $1,000,000 sought in damages. Reading the Proposed [Second] Amended Complaint together with Plaintiffs' Response to Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment and Plaintiffs' Response to Defendants' Concise Statement of Facts, it is apparent that like the claims in Ledesma and Malik, Plaintiffs' proposed conversion claim does not concern Plaintiffs' tangible property but rather their intangible idea. The Court, therefore, concludes Plaintiffs' proposed conversion claim would be preempted by patent law.

On this record, the Court concludes Plaintiffs' proposed amendment to include a claim for conversion would be futile.

CONCLUSION

For these reasons, the Court DENIES Plaintiffs' Motion (#13) for Remand to State Court; GRANTS the Motion (#9) for Summary Judgment of Defendants Dennis Healy, Holly Healy, Sky Corporation, Ltd., and RKD Premium Products, Inc.; and DENIES as futile Plaintiffs' Motion (#24) for Leave to File [Second] Amended Complaint.

The Court notes Defendants have a pending Counterclaim seeking a declaration that they are co-inventors of Plaintiffs' device. The Court DIRECTS the parties to confer as to whether this Counterclaim will be pursued in light of the Court's rulings herein and as to whether any additional claims or defenses will be asserted by any party. The parties shall submit a joint status report no later than October 29, 2010, containing a proposed case management plan to address any remaining issues.

IT IS SO ORDERED.